Evaluating soundscape intentions in landscape architecture: a study of competition entries for a new cemetery in Järva,Stockholm

While soundscape is increasingly acknowledged within landscape planning and design discourse, there is little research that clarifies how soundscapes are actually dealt with in landscape architecture practice – partly owing to methodological insufficiencies. This paper, therefore, describes a model for evaluating soundscape treatment in landscape design proposals, focusing on three key aspects. With the dual aim of testing the model, and learning more about how soundscape is approached in practice, the paper spotlights a major design competition for a new cemetery in Sweden. The model proved fruitful and easy to apply. It showed that only limited attention was paid to soundscape in the competition as a whole, and was a useful means of pinpointing proposals where soundscape was fully considered as a design feature; one competition entry that did so is described in the paper. Discussions cover design practice, trends in the competition and model application.     

Defining the Diurnal Pattern of Snowmelt Using a Beta Distribution Function

Snow is an important component of the hydrologic cycle for many regions worldwide. In addition to vital water resources, snowmelt can be important for forest ecosystem dynamics and flood risk. However, standard design events in the United States lack a design snowmelt event, including only precipitation events, though snowmelt has been shown to be larger than rainfall. In this article, we present a method using hourly snow water equivalent data to develop and test a function for representing the diurnal pattern of snowmelt. A two‐parameter beta distribution function is modified for the purposes of this study and found to fit the pattern of snowmelt well with a root mean squared error of 0.008. Soil moisture sensors were additionally utilized to assess the timing of the snowmelt water outflow from the base of the snowpack that supports the shape of the function, but suggests that the timing of losses recorded on snow pillows lag as much as 3 h. Further testing of the function showed the shape of the function to be accurate. The methods developed and tested in this paper can be applied for design purposes comparing snowmelt and rainfall events or to improve hydrological models investigating processes such as streamflow or groundwater recharge.     

智能家电的低待机功耗研究

从智能家电待机工作状态入手,分析电器产品中参与待机工作的各部分电路原理,提出降低潜在功耗设计思路和计算方法,从家电设计研发阶段对待机功耗进行控制,同时对待机功耗精确测量方法关键点进行解读以控制低功耗测试不确定度,有助于低待机功耗设计和测量的标准化和规范化。     

Influencing climate change regulations: examining responses from large-scale firms

Recent climate change projections and a push towards a universal agreement on carbon emission reductions suggest that firms will need to respond to future regulatory changes. This paper employs an influencing strategies lens to examine how large-scale firms might respond to future climate change regulations. The study uses a structured qualitative methodology to explore and explicate the strategic responses from 21 international firms to the proposed emissions trading scheme outlined in Australia's Garnaut Climate Change Review. The results of the analysis show that firms can use pre-emptive influencing strategies in attempts to shape and mould regulatory design parameters, secure high levels of transitional economic support, and shift the balance of public policies and expenditure. Complementary defensive strategies may also target policy makers and regulators with some of the potential negative consequences of the new regulations.     

基于两级拓扑优化的振动台扩展台面设计与试验验证

根据拓扑优化基本原理,利用OptiStruct进行振动台扩展台面的结构最优化设计,通过两级拓扑优化完成结构的拓扑寻优。首先利用整体级拓扑优化,找到结构的整体最佳构造。然后利用局部级拓扑优化,对局部结构进行拓扑寻优,最终完成产品的结构设计。试验结果与仿真结果对比表明,误差在5%以内,表明方法的有效性和实用性。     

Using environmental heterogeneity to plan for sea‐level rise

Environmental heterogeneity is increasingly being used to select conservation areas that will provide for future biodiversity under a variety of climate scenarios. This approach, termed conserving nature's stage (CNS), assumes environmental features respond to climate change more slowly than biological communities, but will CNS be effective if the stage were to change as rapidly as the climate? We tested the effectiveness of using CNS to select sites in salt marshes for conservation in coastal Georgia (U.S.A.), where environmental features will change rapidly as sea level rises. We calculated species diversity based on distributions of 7 bird species with a variety of niches in Georgia salt marshes. Environmental heterogeneity was assessed across six landscape gradients (e.g., elevation, salinity, and patch area). We used 2 approaches to select sites with high environmental heterogeneity: site complementarity (environmental diversity [ED]) and local environmental heterogeneity (environmental richness [ER]). Sites selected based on ER predicted present‐day species diversity better than randomly selected sites (up to an 8.1% improvement), were resilient to areal loss from SLR (1.0% average areal loss by 2050 compared with 0.9% loss of randomly selected sites), and provided habitat to a threatened species (0.63 average occupancy compared with 0.6 average occupancy of randomly selected sites). Sites selected based on ED predicted species diversity no better or worse than random and were not resilient to SLR (2.9% average areal loss by 2050). Despite the discrepancy between the 2 approaches, CNS is a viable strategy for conservation site selection in salt marshes because the ER approach was successful. It has potential for application in other coastal areas where SLR will affect environmental features, but its performance may depend on the magnitude of geological changes caused by SLR. Our results indicate that conservation planners that had heretofore excluded low‐lying coasts from CNS planning could include coastal ecosystems in regional conservation strategies.     

Performance improvement of airfoils for wind blade with the groove

This study was a basic one to explore how much the aerodynamic characteristics of wind blade improve. The extent of improvement according to the shapes of groove placed on the surface of airfoil (NACA0015) was analyzed through computational analysis. A commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, the ANSYS Fluent 13, was used in this study. In this study, regarding with the positions and shapes of groove, the end of groove was placed at a certain distance (length, l) from both the front and back of separation starting point, the depth and the width were designated as h and d respectively. Analysis was conducted at the 7° angle of attack under the following conditions; the thickness (δ) of boundary layer to the depth (h) of groove ratio (h/δ) 0.6–1.0, the depth (h) of groove to the width (d) of groove ratio (h/d) 0.1–1.4, and the length (l) between the end of groove and separation point to the thickness (δ) of boundary layer ratio (l/δ) ?0.5–0.5. Among these conditions, the best improvement of lift to drag ratio, standing at 15.3%, was under h/δ = 1.0, h/d = 0.12, and l/δ = –0.5 (7° AOA, Re = 360k). In addition, throughout the range of angle of attack, 2–14°, lift to drag ratio improved by 0.8%, 5.1%, 3.2%, and 1.8% each when Reynolds numbers were 280k, 360k, 450k, and 530k. It is also confirmed that the shape of groove contributed to recovering velocity around airfoil wall and the lift to drag ratio improvements by groove were maintained at the given range of Reynolds number and around the angle of attack, 7°.     

微生物絮凝剂M-C11处理高岭土悬浊液的响应曲面优化

采用响应曲面法对微生物絮凝剂M-C11处理高岭土悬浊液的过程参数进行优化,选取中心复合实验设计(CCD),以p H、M-C11投加量和Ca Cl2投加量等因素为自变量,以处理后的高岭土悬浊液絮凝率(Fr)为响应值,并借助扫描电镜对絮凝剂的作用机理进行初步探讨。结果表明,微生物絮凝剂M-C11可显著改善高岭土悬浊液的絮凝性能,且选取的3种单因素水平均可影响絮凝剂活性。经多元回归拟合分析,在M-C11投加量为2.56 m L,Ca Cl2投加量为0.37 g/L的最优条件下,微生物絮凝活性实验值可达92.37%,接近模型预测值(92.30%)。Ca Cl2投加量对絮凝效果的影响高于M-C11投加量(PCa Cl2相似文献   

Photocatalytic degradation of carbofuran in TiO2 aqueous solution：Kinetics using design of experiments and mechanism by HPLC/MS/MS

The photocatalytic degradation kinetics of carbofuran was optimized by central composite design based on response surface methodology for the first time. Three variables, TiO2 concentration, initial pH value and the concentration of carbofuran, were selected to determine the dependence of degradation efficiencies on independent variables. Response surface methodology modeling results indicated that the degradation efficiency of carbofuran was highly affected by the initial pH value and the concentration of carbofuran. Then nine degradation intermediates were detected by HPLC/MS/MS. The Frontier Electron Densities of carbofuran were calculated to predict the active sites on carbofuran attacked by hydroxyl radicals and photoholes. Point charges were used to elucidate the chemisorption pattern on TiO2 catalysts during the photocatalytic process. By combining the experimental results and calculation data, the photocatalytic degradation pathways of carbofuran were proposed, including the addition of hydroxyl radicals and the cleavage of the carbamate side chain.     

CASS工艺用于小城镇污水处理的工程设计研究

CASS是SBR的一种改进型污水处理工艺,在污水处理特别是小城镇污水处理中有着广泛应用。本文介绍了CASS工艺在广东某镇污水处理厂的工程应用情况,主要包括CASS的工艺流程、设计参数及设计要点。对运行效果和经济技术指标进行了总结,并对工艺的运行和管理提出相应的建议。实际运行结果表明,该厂在处理规模为1万m^3／d条件下,出水达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）一级B标准,达到设计要求。该项目的成功实施,为CASS工艺在小城镇污水处理厂的应用提供了参考。